Hydrothermal

QSDsan: Quantitative Sustainable Design for sanitation and resource recovery systems

This module is developed by:

This module is under the University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License. Please refer to https://github.com/QSD-Group/QSDsan/blob/main/LICENSE.txt for license details.

class qsdsan.sanunits._hydrothermal.CatalyticHydrothermalGasification(ID='', ins: Sequence[AbstractStream] | None = None, outs: Sequence[AbstractStream] | None = (), thermo=None, init_with='Stream', pump_pressure=21302739.972, heat_temp=623.15, cool_temp=333.15, WHSV=3.562, catalyst_lifetime=7920, gas_composition={'C2H6': 0.011, 'C3H8': 0.03, 'CH4': 0.527, 'CO2': 0.432, 'H2': 0.0001}, gas_C_2_total_C=0.5981, P=None, tau=0.3333333333333333, void_fraction=0.5, length_to_diameter=2, diameter=None, N=6, V=None, auxiliary=False, mixing_intensity=None, kW_per_m3=0, wall_thickness_factor=1, vessel_material='Stainless steel 316', vessel_type='Vertical', CAPEX_factor=1)

CHG serves to reduce the COD content in the aqueous phase and produce fuel gas under elevated temperature (350°C) and pressure. The outlet will be cooled down and separated by a flash unit.

Parameters:

  • ins (Iterable(stream)) – chg_in, catalyst_in.

  • outs (Iterable(stream)) – chg_out, catalyst_out.

  • pump_pressure (float) – CHG influent pressure, [Pa].

  • heat_temp (float) – CHG influent temperature, [K].

  • cool_temp (float) – CHG effluent temperature, [K].

  • WHSV (float) – Weight Hourly Space velocity, [kg feed/hr/kg catalyst].

  • catalyst_lifetime (float) – CHG catalyst lifetime, [hr].

  • gas_composition (dict) – CHG gas composition.

  • gas_C_2_total_C (dict) – CHG gas carbon content to feed carbon content.

  • CAPEX_factor (float) – Factor used to adjust CAPEX.

References

[1] Jones, S. B.; Zhu, Y.; Anderson, D. B.; Hallen, R. T.; Elliott, D. C.;

Schmidt, A. J.; Albrecht, K. O.; Hart, T. R.; Butcher, M. G.; Drennan, C.; Snowden-Swan, L. J.; Davis, R.; Kinchin, C. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading; PNNL–23227, 1126336; 2014; https://doi.org/10.2172/1126336.

[2] Davis, R. E.; Grundl, N. J.; Tao, L.; Biddy, M. J.; Tan, E. C.;

Beckham, G. T.; Humbird, D.; Thompson, D. N.; Roni, M. S. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels and Coproducts: 2018 Biochemical Design Case Update; Biochemical Deconstruction and Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Products via Integrated Biorefinery Pathways; NREL/TP–5100-71949, 1483234; 2018; p NREL/TP–5100-71949, 1483234. https://doi.org/10.2172/1483234.

[3] Elliott, D. C.; Neuenschwander, G. G.; Hart, T. R.; Rotness, L. J.;

Zacher, A. H.; Santosa, D. M.; Valkenburg, C.; Jones, S. B.; Rahardjo, S. A. T. Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification of Lignin-Rich Biorefinery Residues and Algae Final Report. 87.

auxiliary_unit_names: tuple[str, ...] = ('pump', 'heat_ex_heating', 'heat_ex_cooling')

class-attribute Name of attributes that are auxiliary units. These units will be accounted for in the purchase and installed equipment costs without having to add these costs in the baseline_purchase_costs dictionary. Heat and power utilities are also automatically accounted for.

line: str = 'Catalytic hydrothermal gasification'

class-attribute Name denoting the type of Unit class. Defaults to the class name of the first child class

class qsdsan.sanunits._hydrothermal.HydrothermalLiquefaction(ID='', ins: Sequence[AbstractStream] | None = None, outs: Sequence[AbstractStream] | None = (), thermo=None, init_with='WasteStream', lipid_2_biocrude=0.846, protein_2_biocrude=0.445, carbo_2_biocrude=0.205, protein_2_gas=0.074, carbo_2_gas=0.418, biocrude_C_slope=-8.37, biocrude_C_intercept=68.55, biocrude_N_slope=0.133, biocrude_H_slope=-2.61, biocrude_H_intercept=8.2, HTLaqueous_C_slope=478, TOC_TC=0.764, hydrochar_C_slope=1.75, biocrude_moisture_content=0.063, hydrochar_P_recovery_ratio=0.86, gas_composition={'C2H6': 0.032, 'CH4': 0.05, 'CO2': 0.918}, hydrochar_pre=20889054.371999998, HTLaqueous_pre=206842.80000000002, biocrude_pre=206842.80000000002, offgas_pre=206842.80000000002, eff_T=333.15, P=None, tau=0.25, V_wf=0.45, length_to_diameter=None, diameter=0.174625, N=4, V=None, auxiliary=False, mixing_intensity=None, kW_per_m3=0, wall_thickness_factor=1, vessel_material='Stainless steel 316', vessel_type='Horizontal', CAPEX_factor=1, HTL_steel_cost_factor=2.7, mositure_adjustment_exist_in_the_system=False)

HTL converts dewatered sludge to biocrude, aqueous, off-gas, and hydrochar under elevated temperature (350°C) and pressure. The products percentage (wt%) can be evaluated using revised MCA model (Li et al., 2017, Leow et al., 2018) with known sludge composition (protein%, lipid%, and carbohydrate%, all afdw%).

Notice that for HTL we just calculate each phases’ total mass (except gas) and calculate C, N, and P amount in each phase as properties. We don’t specify components for oil/char since we want to use MCA model to calculate C and N amount and it is not necessary to calculate every possible components since they will be treated in HT/AcidEx anyway. We also don’t specify components for aqueous since we want to calculate aqueous C, N, and P based on mass balance closure. But later for CHG, HT, and HC, we specify each components (except aqueous phase) for the application of flash, distillation column, and CHP units.

Parameters:

  • ins (Iterable(stream)) – dewatered_sludge.

  • outs (Iterable(stream)) – hydrochar, HTLaqueous, biocrude, offgas.

  • lipid_2_biocrude (float) – Lipid to biocrude factor.

  • protein_2_biocrude (float) – Protein to biocrude factor.

  • carbo_2_biocrude (float) – Carbohydrate to biocrude factor.

  • protein_2_gas (float) – Protein to gas factor.

  • carbo_2_gas (float) – Carbohydrate to gas factor.

  • biocrude_C_slope (float) – Biocrude carbon content slope.

  • biocrude_C_intercept (float) – Biocrude carbon content intercept.

  • biocrude_N_slope (float) – Biocrude nitrogen content slope.

  • biocrude_H_slope (float) – Biocrude hydrogen content slope.

  • biocrude_H_intercept (float) – Biocrude hydrogen content intercept.

  • HTLaqueous_C_slope (float) – HTLaqueous carbon content slope.

  • TOC_TC (float) – HTL TOC/TC.

  • hydrochar_C_slope (float) – Hydrochar carbon content slope.

  • biocrude_moisture_content (float) – Biocrude moisture content.

  • hydrochar_P_recovery_ratio (float) – Hydrochar phosphorus to total phosphorus ratio.

  • gas_composition (dict) – HTL offgas compositions.

  • hydrochar_pre (float) – Hydrochar pressure, [Pa].

  • HTLaqueous_pre (float) – HTL aqueous phase pressure, [Pa].

  • biocrude_pre (float) – Biocrude pressure, [Pa].

  • offgas_pre (float) – Offgas pressure, [Pa].

  • eff_T (float) – HTL effluent temperature, [K].

  • CAPEX_factor (float) – Factor used to adjust CAPEX.

References

[1] Leow, S.; Witter, J. R.; Vardon, D. R.; Sharma, B. K.;

Guest, J. S.; Strathmann, T. J. Prediction of Microalgae Hydrothermal Liquefaction Products from Feedstock Biochemical Composition. Green Chem. 2015, 17 (6), 3584–3599. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC00574D.

[2] Li, Y.; Leow, S.; Fedders, A. C.; Sharma, B. K.; Guest, J. S.;

Strathmann, T. J. Quantitative Multiphase Model for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algal Biomass. Green Chem. 2017, 19 (4), 1163–1174. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC03294J.

[3] Li, Y.; Tarpeh, W. A.; Nelson, K. L.; Strathmann, T. J.

Quantitative Evaluation of an Integrated System for Valorization of Wastewater Algae as Bio-Oil, Fuel Gas, and Fertilizer Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (21), 12717–12727. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04035.

[4] Jones, S. B.; Zhu, Y.; Anderson, D. B.; Hallen, R. T.; Elliott, D. C.;

Schmidt, A. J.; Albrecht, K. O.; Hart, T. R.; Butcher, M. G.; Drennan, C.; Snowden-Swan, L. J.; Davis, R.; Kinchin, C. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Hydrocarbons: Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading; PNNL–23227, 1126336; 2014; https://doi.org/10.2172/1126336.

[5] Matayeva, A.; Rasmussen, S. R.; Biller, P. Distribution of Nutrients and

Phosphorus Recovery in Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Waste Streams. BiomassBioenergy 2022, 156, 106323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106323.

[6] Knorr, D.; Lukas, J.; Schoen, P. Production of Advanced Biofuels

via Liquefaction - Hydrothermal Liquefaction Reactor Design: April 5, 2013; NREL/SR-5100-60462, 1111191; 2013; p NREL/SR-5100-60462, 1111191. https://doi.org/10.2172/1111191.

auxiliary_unit_names: tuple[str, ...] = ('heat_exchanger', 'kodrum')

class-attribute Name of attributes that are auxiliary units. These units will be accounted for in the purchase and installed equipment costs without having to add these costs in the baseline_purchase_costs dictionary. Heat and power utilities are also automatically accounted for.

line: str = 'Hydrothermal liquefaction'

class-attribute Name denoting the type of Unit class. Defaults to the class name of the first child class